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Mother of all bonds: Influences on spatial association across the lifespan in capuchins

https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13486

Godoy, Irene ; Korsten, Peter ; Perry, Susan E. ( February 2024 , Developmental Science)

Abstract
In humans, being more socially integrated is associated with better physical and mental health and/or with lower mortality. This link between sociality and health may have ancient roots: sociality also predicts survival or reproduction in other mammals, such as rats, dolphins, and non‐human primates. A key question, therefore, is which factors influence the degree of sociality over the life course. Longitudinal data can provide valuable insight into how environmental variability drives individual differences in sociality and associated outcomes. The first year of life—when long‐lived mammals are the most reliant on others for nourishment and protection—is likely to play an important role in how individuals learn to integrate into groups. Using behavioral, demographic, and pedigree information on 376 wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus imitator) across 20 years, we address how changes in group composition influence spatial association. We further try to determine the extent to which early maternal social environments have downstream effects on sociality across the juvenile and (sub)adult stages. We find a positive effect of early maternal spatial association, where female infants whose mothers spent more time around others also later spent more time around others as juveniles and subadults. Our results also highlight the importance of kin availability and other aspects of group composition (e.g., group size) in dynamically influencing spatial association across developmental stages. We bring attention to the importance of—and difficulty in—determining the social versus genetic influences that parents have on offspring phenotypes.
Research Highlights
Having more maternal kin (mother and siblings) is associated with spending more time near others across developmental stages in both male and female capuchins.
Having more offspring as a subadult or adult female is additionally associated with spending more time near others.
A mother's average sociality (time near others) is predictive of how social her daughters (but not sons) become as juveniles and subadults (a between‐mother effect).
Additional variation within sibling sets in this same maternal phenotype is not predictive of how social they become later relative to each other (no within‐mother effect).

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Genetic, maternal, and environmental influences on sociality in a pedigreed primate population

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-022-00558-6

Godoy, Irene ; Korsten, Peter ; Perry, Susan E. ( September 2022 , Heredity)

Abstract
Various aspects of sociality in mammals (e.g., dyadic connectedness) are linked with measures of biological fitness (e.g., longevity). How within- and between-individual variation in relevant social traits arises in uncontrolled wild populations is challenging to determine but is crucial for understanding constraints on the evolution of sociality. We use an advanced statistical method, known as the ‘animal model’, which incorporates pedigree information, to look at social, genetic, and environmental influences on sociality in a long-lived wild primate. We leverage a longitudinal database spanning 20 years of observation on individually recognized white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus imitator), with a multi-generational pedigree. We analyze two measures of spatial association, using repeat sampling of 376 individuals (mean: 53.5 months per subject, range: 6–185 months per subject). Conditioned on the effects of age, sex, group size, seasonality, and El Niño–Southern Oscillation phases, we show low to moderate long-term repeatability (across years) of the proportion of time spent social (posterior mode [95% Highest Posterior Density interval]: 0.207 [0.169, 0.265]) and of average number of partners (0.144 [0.113, 0.181]) (latent scale). Most of this long-term repeatability could be explained by modest heritability (h²_social: 0.152 [0.094, 0.207];h²_partners: 0.113 [0.076, 0.149]) with small long-term maternal effects (m²_social: 0.000 [0.000, 0.045];m²_partners: 0.000 [0.000, 0.041]). Our models capture the majority of variance in our behavioral traits, with much of the variance explained by temporally changing factors, such as group of residence, highlighting potential limits to the evolvability of our trait due to social and environmental constraints.

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